1. AKA, B.L - Department of Chemistry University of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Umuagwo Imo State
Nigeria.
2. NWADIOGBU, J.O - Department of Chemistry Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria.
3. ORAGWU, P.I - Department of Chemistry Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Anambra State, Nigeria.
4. IGWE, D.O - Department of Chemistry Alex Ekwueme Federal University,Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki Ebonyi State,
Nigeria.
5. AKA, S.C - Department of Chemistry Alex Ekwueme Federal University,Ndufu-Alike, Abakaliki Ebonyi State,
Nigeria.
6. EBERENDU, K.O. - Department of Chemistry University of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Umuagwo Imo State
Nigeria.
7. NLEMCHUKWU, B.N.C - Department of Chemistry University of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Umuagwo Imo State
Nigeria.
In this study, African Star Apple Kernels (Chrysophyllum albidum) underwent acetylation using acetic anhydride under mild conditions, with N-bromosuccinimide serving as a catalyst. This process resulted in the formation of Acetylated African Star Apple Kernel (AASAK). A comprehensive characterization of both the raw and acetylated kernels was performed to evaluate modifications in morphology, surface chemistry, and physicochemical properties. The raw African Star Apple Kernel (RASAK) exhibited a dense structure with limited surface area and a rough texture, characterized by the presence of few visible pores. In contrast, the AASAK displayed a fragmented and flaky structure with larger and more pronounced pores, indicating enhanced surface characteristics conducive to adsorption. To analyze the surface chemistry, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) was employed (using a Shimadzu 8400s, Oxford Spectrometer) to identify unique peaks related to hydroxyl and other functional groups. New spectral bands exhibiting increased frequency and intensity were observed following the modification process, indicating the formation and dissolution of chemical bonds during acetylation. Proximate analysis revealed that RASAK, with a moisture content of 9.74% and an ash content of 2.48%, adheres to the Indonesian Industrial Standard (SII No. 0258-88) thresholds of 15% and 10%, respectively, thereby positioning it as a suitable foundational material for adsorbents. The hydrophobic extractives in the precursor were measured at 14.25%, highlighting its significant potential for crude oil adsorption. Furthermore, after the removal of extractives, the concentrations of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose were determined to be 27.00%, 19.40%, and 24.27%, respectively. The findings of this study underscore that acetylation markedly enhances the structural and chemical properties of African Star Apple Kernels, establishing AASAK as a promising material for environmental remediation, particularly in oil spill cleanup applications
African Star Apple Kernel; Crude Oil Pollution; Remediation; Sorption Active Material; Acetylation; Lignocellulosic Biomass, Biosorbent.